Wind power has been considered a future alternative to fossil energy resources. However, due to its stochastic nature, the integration of Wind power plants (WPPs) into power systems poses some reliability problems such as a mismatch between Load profile and efficient Wind power generation. This issue can be alleviated by considering the correlation between hourly Load and Wind speed variations in the planning phase. To this end, a reliability-based Wind power planning procedure is proposed and formulated as a stochastic programming problem. The objective function is the minimization of total costs, including capital investment, operating and maintenance, and customer energy not served costs. A new hybrid method that combines features of the Load-duration curve and the K-means clustering algorithm is proposed to model the uncertainty of the input data. A shuffled frog-leaping algorithm is used to solve the proposed model. The simulation results indicate that the amount of adaptation between hours with high Loads and those with high Wind speeds markedly affects the selection of Wind sites as optimal locations for WPP installation. Considering this issue can also improve power system reliability in the presence of WPPs.

Wind Loads of high-rise buildings are a key parameter in architectural design. The magnitude and distribution characteristics of Wind Loads are of great importance for the safety and economy of structural design. The Wind Loads of high-rise buildings are quite different from those of monomer buildings. The Wind-induced interference effect could significantly increase the local Wind pressure of buildings, causing potential safety hazards for the main structure and enclosure structure. For the three common high-rise buildings, we adopted the Wind tunnel test method to measure the surface pressure of each building. The corresponding Re number was 8. 2×106. This paper studied the shape coefficients, fluctuating Wind pressure coefficients and base bending moment coefficient of each building with different Wind direction angles and different spacing ratios, and the maximum value of each parameter and the corresponding working condition were statistically analyzed. The results showed that, under any Wind direction angle, the fluctuating Wind pressure coefficients on all sides of the building were affected by the spacing ratio, and the fluctuation range was large. When the Wind angle was 180º, the fluctuating Wind pressure coefficients on the sides of Building 1 were most affected by the slope ratio. At this Wind angle, the maximum value was 0. 43 at a slope ratio of 5. 0, which was 65% different from the minimum. Partition shape coefficients of some sides and top surfaces changed significantly with the spacing ratio. When the spacing ratio was 5. 0, the base bending moment coefficients in the downWind and crossWind directions reached their maximum values, and the Wind direction angles where the maximum values of the base bending moment coefficients in the downWind direction were 40º and 50º, respectively, and the Wind direction angle where the maximum value of the base bending moment coefficients in the crossWind direction was 10º. Due to the influence of the Wind angle and the building spacing ratio, the Wind Loads on the facades of the pyramidal group of buildings varied greatly, and the Wind-induced interference effect was evident. The Wind Load between the building facades in the three buildings was different, and the Wind disturbance effect was evident. Therefore, the most unfavorable stress state and interference state of the structure should be comprehensively considered in the Wind resistance design of the three buildings. The building spacing ratio should preferably be set to 3. 0, and Wind angles of 10º, 40º, and 50º should be avoided whenever possible.

Given the importance of unit commitment risk (UCR) assessment in determining the probability of meeting Load demand in the ahead short-term operation period, in this paper, a new analytical model for UCR assessment is presented. In the proposed model to consider the impact of Wind power participation in the entire short-term period of operation of the system, using the developed risk area concept, a new model for UCR assessment is presented. Furthermore, uncertainties of Wind power and Load demand are considered simultaneously. Unlike the models presented in previous research for UCR assessment, which consider the share of Wind power in the last period of operation, the proposed model for UCR assessment considers the share of Wind power in all periods of operation. The proposed model was tested and evaluated on the RBTS system with a Wind farm. Moreover, the results obtained from the simulation were reported. According to the results, in all cases, the value of UCR in the proposed model is lower than the modified PGM (M-PGM) method. The effectiveness of this innovative approach in evaluating the UCR of the power system despite Wind power and Load uncertainties was confirmed based on the results.

Nowadays, renewables are the first choice option for a modern power system generation scenario. It is due to their high attraction, especially environmental attraction, cost aspects and also availability in almost all over the world. Wind and solar sources are now competitive with conventional sources and command a high percentage of investments in renewable power. The main challenge of using these cheap and clean energies is their output power uncertainty, and their variability may lead to Wind/solar power curtailment, or Load shedding caused by insufficient spinning and fast reserve. Energy storage systems integrated with renewable energies are a common solution for this challenge. However, they impose extra cost to planning, and operation costs need a suitable economic study for the best location and size of these systems. In this paper, a flexibility based approach is used to show the role of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in the Wind/Load curtailment reduction. This approach can lead to a suitable economic routine to determine BESS size based on economic trade-off between BESS fixed, variable costs and Wind/Load curtailment costs. First, the BESS flexibility index is introduced and the suitable State of Charge (SoC) control is presented to use for Dynamic Economic Load Dispatch (DELD) solution based on the Wind/Load curtailment reduction. The simulation results show the efficient dependency between system flexibility improved by BESS integration, and the Wind/Load curtailment reduction.